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1 #LyX 1.5.0rc2 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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2 \lyxformat 276
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3 \begin_document
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4 \begin_header
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5 \textclass paper
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6 \language english
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7 \inputencoding auto
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26 \secnumdepth 3
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27 \tocdepth 3
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28 \paragraph_separation skip
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29 \defskip smallskip
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30 \quotes_language english
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31 \papercolumns 1
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32 \papersides 1
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33 \paperpagestyle default
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34 \tracking_changes false
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35 \output_changes false
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36 \author "Anonymous"
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37 \end_header
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38
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39 \begin_body
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40
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41 \begin_layout Title
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42 Watermarking Source Code
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43 \end_layout
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44
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45 \begin_layout SubTitle
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46 version 0.5
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47 \end_layout
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48
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49 \begin_layout Author
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50 Peter Meerwald
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51 \end_layout
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52
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53 \begin_layout Address
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54 Dept.
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55 of Computer Sciences, University of Salzburg
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56 \newline
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57 Jakob-Haringer-Str.
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58 2, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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59 \newline
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60
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61 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
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62 target "mailto:pmeerw@cosy.sbg.ac.at"
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63
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64 \end_inset
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67 \newline
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68
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69 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
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70 target "http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~pmeerw/Watermarking"
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71
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72 \end_inset
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73
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74
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75 \end_layout
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76
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77 \begin_layout Abstract
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78 This package provides source code for some watermarking algorithms in hopefully
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79 portable C code.
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80 The programs can be used to study watermarking techniques, perform comparative
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81 robustness tests and develop new attacks against embedded watermarks.
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82 \end_layout
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83
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84 \begin_layout Abstract
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85 However, the provided programs are by no means suitable for real-world applicati
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86 on (i.e.
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87 copyright protection) and the code solely serves some educational purpose.
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88 \end_layout
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89
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90 \begin_layout Standard
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91 \begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents
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92
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93 \end_inset
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95
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96 \end_layout
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97
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98 \begin_layout Section
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99 Introduction
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100 \end_layout
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101
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102 \begin_layout Standard
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103 Academic research in the watermarking field has grown dramatically since
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104 approximately 1995.
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105 But surprisingly, source code for the proposed watermarking schemes has
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106 not been made available.
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107 The reason is most likely the security of many watermarking systems lies
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108 at least to some extent in the embedding and detection algorithm itself,
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109 and not in the keys used -- violating the Kerckhoff principle
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110 \begin_inset LatexCommand cite
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111 key "Kerckhoff1883a"
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112
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113 \end_inset
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114
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115 .
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116 \end_layout
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117
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118 \begin_layout Standard
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119 With the availability of public robustness test for watermarking algorithms,
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120 StirMark
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121 \begin_inset LatexCommand cite
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122 key "Petitcolas99c, Petitcolas98b, Petitcolas98a"
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123
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124 \end_inset
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125
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126 , Unzign
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127 \begin_inset Foot
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128 status collapsed
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129
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130 \begin_layout Standard
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131 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
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132 target "http://www.altern.org/watermark"
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133
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134 \end_inset
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135
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136
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137 \end_layout
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138
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139 \end_inset
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140
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141 and very recently Checkmark
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142 \begin_inset LatexCommand cite
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143 key "Pereira01b"
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144
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145 \end_inset
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146
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147 , the situation begins to improve.
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148 Now it is possible to measure the performance of watermarking systems.
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149
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150 \end_layout
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151
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152 \begin_layout Standard
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153 In order the compare and evaluate new embedding and detection techniques,
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154 it is also necessary to have some reference implementations of the older,
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155 now often called classical schemes.
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156 In this work, we provide some implementations of watermarking schemes,
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157 some of which can be considered 'classical'.
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158 \end_layout
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159
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160 \begin_layout Standard
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161 It was the goal to capture the main ideas of the proposed algorithms, as
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162 layed out in the respective papers.
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163 This is clearly not an easy task as some papers do not disclose all details
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164 or state which particular parameters were used to obtain the results outlined
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165 in the communications.
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166 \end_layout
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167
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168 \begin_layout Standard
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169 I am very interested in hearing your comments, complaints and suggestions
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170 regarding this software.
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171 Moreover, if you have source code for a watermarking scheme not yet covered
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172 or some useful utility I would be happy to include your code in this distributi
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173 on.
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174 Please see the contact information at the top of this document.
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175 \end_layout
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176
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177 \begin_layout Standard
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178 If you use the accompanying code, please cite my thesis:
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179 \end_layout
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180
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181 \begin_layout Quotation
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182 Peter Meerwald, Digital Image Watermarking in the Wavelet Transform Domain,
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183 Master's Thesis, Department of Scientific Computing, University of Salzburg,
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184 Austria, January 2001.
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185 \end_layout
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186
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187 \begin_layout Section
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188 Software
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189 \end_layout
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190
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191 \begin_layout Standard
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192 Most of the software provided herein was written by myself, as part of my
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193 Master thesis.
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194 Some contributions were made by Vassilis Fotopoulos
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195 \begin_inset Foot
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196 status collapsed
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197
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198 \begin_layout Standard
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199 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
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200 target "mailto:vfotop1@physics.upatras.gr"
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201
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202 \end_inset
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203
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204
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205 \end_layout
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206
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207 \end_inset
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208
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209 .
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210 The software in the archive is organized in the following sub-directories:
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211 \end_layout
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212
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213 \begin_layout Description
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214 Fotopoulos/ contains contributions by Vassilis Fotopoulos
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215 \end_layout
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216
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217 \begin_layout Description
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218 Meerwald/ contains my work
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219 \end_layout
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220
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221 \begin_layout Description
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222 images/ contains the Lena image in PGM format; the default parameters of
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223 most algorithms are tuned to work best with that image
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224 \end_layout
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225
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226 \begin_layout Description
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227 linux_bin/ the place where the Linux executables are stored in the binary
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228 distribution
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229 \end_layout
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230
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231 \begin_layout Description
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232 win32_bin/ the place where Windows 32-bit executables are distributed; tested
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233 with Windows NT 4.0 only
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234 \end_layout
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235
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236 \begin_layout Description
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237 make/ contains the
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238 \family typewriter
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239 \size small
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240 Makefile
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241 \family default
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242 \size default
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243 options to build the code on supported platforms
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244 \end_layout
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245
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246 \begin_layout Standard
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247 For the purpose of this software package, a watermarking system comprises
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248 four parts, namely: signature generation, watermark embedding, watermark
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249 extraction and signature comparison or detection -- with the exception
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250 of Vassilis's code; there are only cast and test programs (corresponds
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251 to watermark embedding and detection).
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252 Signature is used more less as a synonym for mark and can be thought of
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253 as the payload (at least for some schemes :-).
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254 \end_layout
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255
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256 \begin_layout Standard
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257 All programs only accept the image in NetPBM format and will also produce
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258 only NetPBM-format files (see section
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259 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
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260 reference "sec:prereq"
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261
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262 \end_inset
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263
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264 ).
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265 Unfortunately, most programs have only been tested with 8-bit gray-scale
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266 images of size
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267 \begin_inset Formula $512\times512.$
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268 \end_inset
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269
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270
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271 \end_layout
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272
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273 \begin_layout Standard
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274 In order to simplify batch testing, the programs allow to read either from
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275 a file, e.g.
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276 \end_layout
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277
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278 \begin_layout Standard
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279
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280 \family typewriter
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281 \size small
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282 wm_cox_e -s cox.sig
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283 \family default
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284
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285 \family typewriter
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286 \series bold
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287 image.pgm
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288 \end_layout
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289
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290 \begin_layout Standard
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291 or from standard input, i.e.
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292 \end_layout
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293
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294 \begin_layout Standard
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295 wm_cox_e -s cox.sig
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296 \series bold
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297 < image.pgm
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298 \end_layout
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299
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300 \begin_layout Standard
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301 The output is usually written to standard output, i.e.
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302
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303 \end_layout
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304
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305 \begin_layout Standard
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306
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307 \family typewriter
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308 \size small
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309 wm_cox_e -s cox.sig image.pgm
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310 \family default
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311
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312 \family typewriter
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313 \series bold
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314 > wm_image.pgm
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315 \end_layout
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316
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317 \begin_layout Standard
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318 unless redirected to a file, e.g.
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319 \end_layout
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320
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321 \begin_layout Standard
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322
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323 \family typewriter
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324 \size small
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325 wm_cox_e -s cox.sig
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326 \family default
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327
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328 \family typewriter
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329 \series bold
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330 -o wm_image.pgm
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331 \family default
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332 \series default
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333
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334 \family typewriter
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335 image.pgm
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336 \end_layout
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337
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338 \begin_layout Subsection
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339 Featured algorithms
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340 \end_layout
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341
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342 \begin_layout Standard
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343 Currently it includes the following watermarking algorithms
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344 \end_layout
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345
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346 \begin_layout Itemize
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347 Bruyndonckx [bruyn], refer to
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348 \end_layout
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349
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350 \begin_layout Quotation
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351 O.
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352 Bruyndonckx, Jean-Jacques Quisquater, and Benoit M.
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353 Macq.
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354 Spatial method for copyright labeling of digital images.
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355 In IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing '95, Thessaloniki,
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356 Greece, pages 456 - 459, 1995.
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357 \end_layout
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358
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359 \begin_layout Itemize
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360 Corvi, refer to
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361 \end_layout
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362
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363 \begin_layout Quotation
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364 Marco Corvi and Gianluca Nicchiotti.
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365 Wavelet-based image watermarking for copyright protection.
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366 In Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis SCIA '97, Lappeenranta, Finland,
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367 June 1997.
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368 \end_layout
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369
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370 \begin_layout Itemize
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371 Cox, refer to
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372 \end_layout
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373
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374 \begin_layout Quotation
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375 Ingemar J.
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376 Cox, Joe Kilian, Tom Leighton, and Talal G.
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377 Shamoon.
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378 Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia.
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379 In Proceedings of the IEEE ICIP '97, volume 6, pages 1673 - 1687, Santa
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380 Barbara, California, USA, 1997.
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381 \end_layout
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382
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383 \begin_layout Itemize
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384 Dugad, refer to
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385 \end_layout
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386
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387 \begin_layout Quotation
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388 Rakesh Dugad, Krishna Ratakonda, and Narendra Ahuja.
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389 A new wavelet-based scheme for watermarking images.
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390 In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing,
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391 ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, October 1998.
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392
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393 \end_layout
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394
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395 \begin_layout Itemize
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396 Fridrich (2.
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397 scheme), refer to
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398 \end_layout
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399
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400 \begin_layout Quotation
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401 Jiri Fridrich.
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402 Combining low-frequency and spread spectrum watermarking.
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403 In Proceedings of the SPIE Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering and
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404 Instrumentation, San Diego, USA, July 1998.
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405
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406 \end_layout
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407
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408 \begin_layout Itemize
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409 Kim, refer to
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410 \end_layout
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411
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412 \begin_layout Quotation
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413 Jong Ryul Kim and Young Shik Moon.
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414 A robust wavelet-based digital watermark using level-adaptive thresholding.
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415 In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing
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416 ICIP '99, page 202, Kobe, Japan, October 1999.
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417 \end_layout
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418
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419 \begin_layout Itemize
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420 Koch, refer to
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421 \end_layout
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422
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423 \begin_layout Quotation
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424 Eckhard Koch and Jian Zhao.
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425 Towards robust and hidden image copyright labeling.
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|
|
426 In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and
|
|
|
427 Image Processing, pages 452 - 455, Halkidiki, Marmaras, Greece, June 1995.
|
|
3
|
428 \end_layout
|
|
|
429
|
|
|
430 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
|
431 Kundur, refer to
|
|
|
432 \end_layout
|
|
|
433
|
|
|
434 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
|
435 Deepa Kundur and Dimitrios Hatzinakos.
|
|
|
436 Digital watermarking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition.
|
|
|
437 In Proceedings of IEEE ICASSP '98, volume 5, pages 2969-2972, Seattle,
|
|
|
438 WA, USA, May 1998.
|
|
|
439
|
|
|
440 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
441
|
|
3
|
442 \begin_deeper
|
|
|
443 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
444 and
|
|
|
445 \end_layout
|
|
|
446
|
|
|
447 \end_deeper
|
|
|
448 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
|
449 Deepa Kundur and D.
|
|
|
450 Hatzinakos.
|
|
|
451 Diversity and attack characterization for improved robust watermarking.
|
|
|
452 IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 29(10):2383-2396, October 2001.
|
|
|
453 \end_layout
|
|
|
454
|
|
|
455 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
456 Wang, refer to
|
|
3
|
457 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
458
|
|
3
|
459 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
0
|
460 Houng-Jyh Wang, Po-Chyi Su, and C.-C.
|
|
|
461 Jay Kuo.
|
|
|
462 Wavelet-based digital image watermarking.
|
|
|
463 Optics Express, volume 3, pp.
|
|
|
464 497, December 1998.
|
|
|
465
|
|
3
|
466 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
467
|
|
3
|
468 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
469 Xia, refer to
|
|
3
|
470 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
471
|
|
3
|
472 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
0
|
473 Xiang-Gen Xia, Charles G.
|
|
|
474 Boncelet, and Gonzalo R.
|
|
|
475 Arce.
|
|
|
476 Wavelet transform based watermark for digital images.
|
|
|
477 Optics Express, volume 3, pp.
|
|
|
478 497, December 1998.
|
|
3
|
479 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
480
|
|
3
|
481 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
482 Xie, refer to
|
|
3
|
483 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
484
|
|
3
|
485 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
0
|
486 Liehua Xie and Gonzalo R.
|
|
|
487 Arce.
|
|
|
488 Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking.
|
|
|
489 In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing,
|
|
|
490 ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, 1998.
|
|
3
|
491 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
492
|
|
3
|
493 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
494 Zhu, refer to
|
|
3
|
495 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
496
|
|
3
|
497 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
0
|
498 Wenwu Zhu, Zixiang Xiong, and Ya-Qin Zhang.
|
|
|
499 Multiresolution watermarking for images and video: a unified approach.
|
|
|
500 In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing,
|
|
|
501 ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, October 1998.
|
|
|
502
|
|
3
|
503 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
504
|
|
3
|
505 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
506 Piva/Fotopoulos [cast|test-pv,hart,sub], contribution by Vassilis Fotopoulos,
|
|
|
507 refer to
|
|
3
|
508 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
509
|
|
3
|
510 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
0
|
511 M.Barni, F.
|
|
|
512 Bartolini, V.
|
|
|
513 Cappellini, A.
|
|
|
514 Piva.
|
|
|
515 A DCT-Domain System for Robust Image Watermarking, Signal Processing, vol.
|
|
|
516 66, pp 357 - 372, 1998.
|
|
3
|
517 \end_layout
|
|
|
518
|
|
|
519 \begin_deeper
|
|
|
520 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
521 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip
|
|
|
522 \end_inset
|
|
|
523
|
|
0
|
524 and
|
|
3
|
525 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip
|
|
|
526 \end_inset
|
|
|
527
|
|
0
|
528
|
|
3
|
529 \end_layout
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
531 \end_deeper
|
|
|
532 \begin_layout Quotation
|
|
0
|
533 V.
|
|
|
534 Fotopoulos, A.
|
|
|
535 N.
|
|
|
536 Skodras, A Subband DCT approach to image watermarking, X European Signal
|
|
|
537 Processing Conference, September 4 - 8, 2000, Tampere, Finland.
|
|
3
|
538 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
539
|
|
3
|
540 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
541 More algorithms will be added over time, I have implemented about 13 watermarkin
|
|
|
542 g algorithms in the spatial-, DCT-, and wavelet domain so far.
|
|
3
|
543 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
544
|
|
3
|
545 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
|
546 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
|
|
|
547 name "sec:utility_programs"
|
|
0
|
548
|
|
3
|
549 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
550
|
|
|
551 Utility programs
|
|
3
|
552 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
553
|
|
3
|
554 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
555 A good way to check the effect of a watermarking algorithm is computing
|
|
|
556 the difference image, i.e.
|
|
|
557 subtracting the original image from the watermarked image.
|
|
|
558 Alternatively, one can also have a look at the modified coefficients in
|
|
|
559 the transform domain.
|
|
|
560 The following programs facilitate these tasks:
|
|
3
|
561 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
562
|
|
3
|
563 \begin_layout Description
|
|
0
|
564 cmp_pgm compute difference image, PSNR, ...
|
|
3
|
565 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
566
|
|
3
|
567 \begin_layout Description
|
|
0
|
568 cmp_dct compute full-frame DCT domain difference image
|
|
3
|
569 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
570
|
|
3
|
571 \begin_layout Description
|
|
0
|
572 cmp_dct8x8 compute 8x8 block-based DCT difference image
|
|
3
|
573 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
574
|
|
3
|
575 \begin_layout Description
|
|
0
|
576 cmp_dwt compute DWT domain difference image
|
|
3
|
577 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
578
|
|
3
|
579 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
580 For example, to produce the difference image of two PGM files and compute
|
|
|
581 the PSNR along with some other measures, the following command can be used:
|
|
3
|
582 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
583
|
|
3
|
584 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
585
|
|
|
586 \family typewriter
|
|
|
587 \size small
|
|
0
|
588 cmp_pgm -p -i original.pgm -o diff.pgm watermarked.pgm
|
|
3
|
589 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
590
|
|
3
|
591 \begin_layout Section
|
|
0
|
592 Usage
|
|
3
|
593 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
594
|
|
3
|
595 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
596 Note, almost all programs will output usage information if called with the
|
|
|
597
|
|
3
|
598 \family typewriter
|
|
|
599 \size small
|
|
0
|
600 -h
|
|
3
|
601 \family default
|
|
|
602 \size default
|
|
0
|
603 argument.
|
|
3
|
604 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
605
|
|
3
|
606 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
0
|
607 Generating a mark
|
|
3
|
608 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
609
|
|
3
|
610 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
611 First, you have to generate an appropriate signature file for the corresponding
|
|
|
612 embedding/detection algorithm; e.g.
|
|
|
613 if you are going to use Cox' scheme, then you would run
|
|
3
|
614 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
615
|
|
3
|
616 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
617
|
|
3
|
618 \family typewriter
|
|
|
619 \size small
|
|
0
|
620 gen_cox_sig
|
|
3
|
621 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
622
|
|
3
|
623 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
624 The programs outputs some parameters and a sequence of Gaussian distributed
|
|
|
625 random numbers (which is the watermark sequence).
|
|
|
626 You want to save that into a signature file, so you run
|
|
3
|
627 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
628
|
|
3
|
629 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
630
|
|
|
631 \family typewriter
|
|
|
632 \size small
|
|
0
|
633 gen_cox_sig > cox.sig or
|
|
3
|
634 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
635
|
|
3
|
636 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
637
|
|
3
|
638 \family typewriter
|
|
|
639 \size small
|
|
0
|
640 gen_cox_sig -o cox.sig
|
|
3
|
641 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
642
|
|
3
|
643 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
644 You can influence e.g.
|
|
|
645 the embedding strength that will be used in the embedding step by running
|
|
3
|
646 \end_layout
|
|
|
647
|
|
|
648 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
649
|
|
|
650 \family typewriter
|
|
|
651 \size small
|
|
|
652 gen_cox_sig -a 0.5 > too_strong_cox.sig
|
|
|
653 \end_layout
|
|
|
654
|
|
|
655 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
656 Usually, the programs for generating a signature will supply reasonable
|
|
|
657 default values for marking a 8-bit gray-scale image of size
|
|
|
658 \begin_inset Formula $512\times512.$
|
|
|
659 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
660
|
|
|
661
|
|
3
|
662 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
663
|
|
3
|
664 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
|
665 Watermark embedding
|
|
|
666 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
667
|
|
3
|
668 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
669 Watermark embedding is performed with the following command (for our example,
|
|
|
670 we are using Cox' scheme):
|
|
3
|
671 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
672
|
|
3
|
673 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
674
|
|
3
|
675 \family typewriter
|
|
|
676 \size small
|
|
0
|
677 wm_cox_e -s cox.sig -o cox_lena.pgm lena.pgm
|
|
3
|
678 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
679
|
|
3
|
680 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
681 The signature file is parsed to obtain the particular watermark sequence
|
|
|
682 and the embedding strength.
|
|
|
683 The watermarked image is written to the file
|
|
3
|
684 \family typewriter
|
|
|
685 \size small
|
|
0
|
686 cox_lena.pgm
|
|
3
|
687 \family default
|
|
|
688 \size default
|
|
0
|
689 .
|
|
|
690 Now it the time to check the perceptual quality of the produced image and
|
|
|
691 also have a look at the difference image (see section
|
|
3
|
692 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
|
|
|
693 reference "sec:utility_programs"
|
|
0
|
694
|
|
3
|
695 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
696
|
|
|
697 ).
|
|
3
|
698 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
699
|
|
3
|
700 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
0
|
701 Watermark extraction
|
|
3
|
702 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
703
|
|
3
|
704 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
705 To extract the embedded signature, we execute the command
|
|
3
|
706 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
707
|
|
3
|
708 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
709
|
|
3
|
710 \family typewriter
|
|
|
711 \size small
|
|
0
|
712 wm_cox_d -s cox.sig -i lena.pgm -o cox.wm cox_lena.pgm
|
|
3
|
713 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
714
|
|
3
|
715 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
716 Since Cox' algorithm is not blind, the original image is needed as a reference
|
|
|
717 to extract the embedded mark.
|
|
|
718 The embedded mark will be stored in
|
|
3
|
719 \family typewriter
|
|
|
720 \size small
|
|
0
|
721 cox.wm
|
|
3
|
722 \family default
|
|
|
723 \size default
|
|
0
|
724 .
|
|
|
725 The original signature,
|
|
3
|
726 \family typewriter
|
|
|
727 \size small
|
|
0
|
728 cox.sig
|
|
3
|
729 \family default
|
|
|
730 \size default
|
|
0
|
731 , is used to get the auxiliary embedding parameter correct (e.g.
|
|
|
732 embedding strength).
|
|
|
733
|
|
3
|
734 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
735
|
|
3
|
736 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
0
|
737 Comparing the mark
|
|
3
|
738 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
739
|
|
3
|
740 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
741 The final step is comparing the original signature against the extracted
|
|
|
742 signature.
|
|
|
743 The result here is usually a correlation factor.
|
|
|
744 Values around 0 indicate that the mark has not been found, values around
|
|
3
|
745 1.
|
|
|
746 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
747
|
|
3
|
748 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
749 In most programs a analytical detection threshold for some detection probability
|
|
|
750 is not used.
|
|
|
751 Hence, one has to observe the output of the detector for many different
|
|
|
752 keys (around 1000 I'd suggest) to establish a reasonable threshold for
|
|
|
753 detection.
|
|
|
754 A good value to go with initially might be 0.2 which means we claim the
|
|
|
755 watermark detected if the correlation factor is > 0.2.
|
|
3
|
756 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
757
|
|
3
|
758 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
759 The appropriate command for comparing the mark is
|
|
3
|
760 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
761
|
|
3
|
762 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
763
|
|
3
|
764 \family typewriter
|
|
|
765 \size small
|
|
0
|
766 cmp_cox_sig -s cox.sig cox.wm
|
|
3
|
767 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
768
|
|
3
|
769 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
0
|
770 Batch testing - benchmarking
|
|
3
|
771 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
772
|
|
3
|
773 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
774 If you want to run many test you can pipe the images to be do be watermarked
|
|
|
775 (and tested) through the embedder and detector.
|
|
|
776 The programs then act like a filter.
|
|
|
777 Try something like the following in a Unix shell script:
|
|
3
|
778 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
779
|
|
3
|
780 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
781
|
|
|
782 \family typewriter
|
|
|
783 \size small
|
|
0
|
784 gen_cox_sig > cox.sig
|
|
3
|
785 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
786
|
|
3
|
787 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
788
|
|
3
|
789 \family typewriter
|
|
|
790 \size small
|
|
0
|
791 for i in *.pgm
|
|
3
|
792 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
793
|
|
3
|
794 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
795
|
|
3
|
796 \family typewriter
|
|
|
797 \size small
|
|
0
|
798 do
|
|
3
|
799 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
800
|
|
3
|
801 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
802
|
|
|
803 \family typewriter
|
|
|
804 \size small
|
|
|
805 \InsetSpace ~
|
|
|
806 \InsetSpace ~
|
|
0
|
807 wm_cox_e -s cox.sig $i |
|
|
3
|
808 \backslash
|
|
0
|
809
|
|
3
|
810 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
811
|
|
3
|
812 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
813
|
|
3
|
814 \family typewriter
|
|
|
815 \size small
|
|
|
816 \InsetSpace ~
|
|
|
817 \InsetSpace ~
|
|
0
|
818 wm_cox_d -s cox.sig -i $i |
|
|
3
|
819 \backslash
|
|
0
|
820
|
|
3
|
821 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
822
|
|
3
|
823 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
824
|
|
3
|
825 \family typewriter
|
|
|
826 \size small
|
|
|
827 \InsetSpace ~
|
|
|
828 \InsetSpace ~
|
|
0
|
829 cmp_cox_sig -s cox.sig
|
|
3
|
830 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
831
|
|
3
|
832 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
833
|
|
3
|
834 \family typewriter
|
|
|
835 \size small
|
|
0
|
836 done
|
|
3
|
837 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
838
|
|
3
|
839 \begin_layout Section
|
|
|
840 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
|
|
|
841 name "sec:recompile"
|
|
0
|
842
|
|
3
|
843 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
844
|
|
|
845 Recompiling
|
|
3
|
846 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
847
|
|
3
|
848 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
849 Note, that most watermark embedding/extraction programs use the built-in
|
|
|
850 random number generator of the C library, i.e.
|
|
|
851
|
|
3
|
852 \family typewriter
|
|
|
853 \size small
|
|
0
|
854 srandom()
|
|
3
|
855 \family default
|
|
|
856 \size default
|
|
0
|
857 and
|
|
3
|
858 \family typewriter
|
|
|
859 \size small
|
|
0
|
860 random().
|
|
3
|
861
|
|
|
862 \family default
|
|
0
|
863
|
|
3
|
864 \size default
|
|
0
|
865 Therefore, if you recompile, chances are that you won't be able to use your
|
|
|
866 images watermarked with the previous version.
|
|
3
|
867 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
868
|
|
3
|
869 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
870 The Makefile options for compiling on the different platforms can be found
|
|
|
871 in the
|
|
3
|
872 \family typewriter
|
|
|
873 \size small
|
|
0
|
874 make/
|
|
3
|
875 \family default
|
|
|
876 \size default
|
|
0
|
877 sub-directory of the archive.
|
|
3
|
878 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
879
|
|
3
|
880 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
|
881 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
|
|
|
882 name "sec:prereq"
|
|
0
|
883
|
|
3
|
884 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
885
|
|
|
886 Prerequisites
|
|
3
|
887 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
888
|
|
3
|
889 \begin_layout Subsubsection
|
|
0
|
890 NetPBM
|
|
3
|
891 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
892
|
|
3
|
893 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
894 NetPBM is responsible for image file I/O and provides a definition of a
|
|
|
895 simple image file format along with many image file format filters that
|
|
|
896 allow to convert images to and from NetPBM format.
|
|
|
897
|
|
3
|
898 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
899
|
|
3
|
900 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
901 You need to get and install the NetPBM library at
|
|
3
|
902 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
|
|
|
903 target "http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/graphics/graphics/packages/NetPBM/"
|
|
0
|
904
|
|
3
|
905 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
906
|
|
|
907 or
|
|
3
|
908 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
|
|
|
909 target "http://netpbm.sourceforge.net"
|
|
0
|
910
|
|
3
|
911 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
912
|
|
|
913 .
|
|
|
914 The library provides
|
|
3
|
915 \family typewriter
|
|
|
916 \size small
|
|
0
|
917 pgm.h
|
|
3
|
918 \family default
|
|
|
919 \size default
|
|
0
|
920 and the appropriate implementation.
|
|
3
|
921 \end_layout
|
|
|
922
|
|
|
923 \begin_layout Subsubsection
|
|
|
924 getopt
|
|
|
925 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
926
|
|
3
|
927 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
928 When compiling on Windows, the getopt() function call required.
|
|
|
929 An implementation of getopt() can be found in the NetPBM package.
|
|
|
930
|
|
|
931 \end_layout
|
|
|
932
|
|
|
933 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
0
|
934 Unix/Linux platform
|
|
3
|
935 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
936
|
|
3
|
937 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
938 All programs were developed using Linux and GNU C.
|
|
|
939 The programs should compile and work with all recent versions of Linux
|
|
|
940 and GNU C.
|
|
|
941
|
|
3
|
942 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
943
|
|
3
|
944 \begin_layout Subsection
|
|
|
945 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
|
|
|
946 name "sec:win32_compile"
|
|
0
|
947
|
|
3
|
948 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
949
|
|
|
950 Win32 platform
|
|
3
|
951 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
952
|
|
3
|
953 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
954 The programs were ported to the Windows platform using the Cygwin
|
|
3
|
955 \begin_inset Foot
|
|
|
956 status collapsed
|
|
|
957
|
|
|
958 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
959 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
|
|
|
960 target "http://www.cygwin.com"
|
|
|
961
|
|
|
962 \end_inset
|
|
|
963
|
|
|
964
|
|
|
965 \end_layout
|
|
|
966
|
|
|
967 \end_inset
|
|
|
968
|
|
|
969 and Mingw
|
|
|
970 \begin_inset Foot
|
|
|
971 status collapsed
|
|
|
972
|
|
|
973 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
974 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
|
|
|
975 target "http://www.mingw.org"
|
|
|
976
|
|
|
977 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
978
|
|
|
979
|
|
3
|
980 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
981
|
|
3
|
982 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
983
|
|
|
984 environment.
|
|
|
985 Most notable, the file mode for standard input and standard output has
|
|
|
986 to be set to binary mode.
|
|
|
987 This is accomplished with the
|
|
3
|
988 \family typewriter
|
|
|
989 \size small
|
|
0
|
990 setmode()
|
|
3
|
991 \family default
|
|
|
992 \size default
|
|
0
|
993 or
|
|
3
|
994 \family typewriter
|
|
|
995 \size small
|
|
0
|
996 _fsetmode()
|
|
3
|
997 \family default
|
|
|
998 \size default
|
|
0
|
999 commands.
|
|
3
|
1000 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1001
|
|
3
|
1002 \begin_layout Section
|
|
0
|
1003 FAQ
|
|
3
|
1004 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1005
|
|
3
|
1006 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1007 Q: How can I report problems?
|
|
3
|
1008 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1009
|
|
3
|
1010 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1011 A: See the contact information at the beginning of this document.
|
|
3
|
1012 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1013
|
|
3
|
1014 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1015 Q: The compiler complains about
|
|
3
|
1016 \family typewriter
|
|
|
1017 \size small
|
|
0
|
1018 pgm.h
|
|
3
|
1019 \family default
|
|
|
1020 \size default
|
|
0
|
1021 ?
|
|
3
|
1022 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1023
|
|
3
|
1024 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1025 A: You need to get and install the NetPBM library, see section
|
|
3
|
1026 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
|
|
|
1027 reference "sec:prereq"
|
|
0
|
1028
|
|
3
|
1029 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
1030
|
|
|
1031 .
|
|
3
|
1032 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1033
|
|
3
|
1034 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1035 Q: What is the best algorithm?
|
|
3
|
1036 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1037
|
|
3
|
1038 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1039 A: Depends on your application.
|
|
3
|
1040 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1041
|
|
3
|
1042 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1043 Q: What is the most robust algorithm?
|
|
3
|
1044 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1045
|
|
3
|
1046 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1047 A: Depends on the attack.
|
|
|
1048 See some results on
|
|
3
|
1049 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
|
|
|
1050 target "http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~pmeerw/Watermarking"
|
|
0
|
1051
|
|
3
|
1052 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
1053
|
|
|
1054 .
|
|
3
|
1055 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1056
|
|
3
|
1057 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1058 Q: I need code for a full-frame DCT?
|
|
3
|
1059 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1060
|
|
3
|
1061 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1062 A: See the files Meerwald/dct.* in the archive.
|
|
3
|
1063 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1064
|
|
3
|
1065 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1066 Q: I need code for a 8x8 block DCT?
|
|
3
|
1067 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1068
|
|
3
|
1069 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1070 A: See the files
|
|
3
|
1071 \family typewriter
|
|
|
1072 \size small
|
|
0
|
1073 Meerwald/dct.*
|
|
3
|
1074 \family default
|
|
|
1075 \size default
|
|
0
|
1076 in the archive.
|
|
3
|
1077 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1078
|
|
3
|
1079 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1080 Q: I need code for the wavelet transform (DWT)?
|
|
3
|
1081 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1082
|
|
3
|
1083 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1084 A: See the files
|
|
3
|
1085 \family typewriter
|
|
|
1086 \size small
|
|
0
|
1087 Meerwald/wavelet.*
|
|
3
|
1088 \family default
|
|
|
1089 \size default
|
|
0
|
1090 in the archive.
|
|
3
|
1091 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1092
|
|
3
|
1093 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1094 Q: I get the message 'unable to open filter.dat' - what to do?
|
|
3
|
1095 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1096
|
|
3
|
1097 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1098 A: Make sure the file filter.dat is in the current directory or accessible
|
|
|
1099 via path/filename specified in the signature file.
|
|
|
1100 Use the signature generation command to specify an absolute path if necessary.
|
|
3
|
1101 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1102
|
|
3
|
1103 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1104 Q: I can't compile the code using some Microsoft product?
|
|
3
|
1105 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1106
|
|
3
|
1107 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1108 A: Make your life easier, install GNU software! See section
|
|
3
|
1109 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
|
|
|
1110 reference "sec:recompile"
|
|
0
|
1111
|
|
3
|
1112 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
1113
|
|
|
1114 .
|
|
3
|
1115 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1116
|
|
3
|
1117 \begin_layout Section
|
|
0
|
1118 Revision history
|
|
3
|
1119 \end_layout
|
|
|
1120
|
|
|
1121 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
1122 version 0.5 (December, 2005)
|
|
|
1123 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1124
|
|
3
|
1125 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
|
1126 added algorithm kund3, kund2 and xie2
|
|
|
1127 \end_layout
|
|
|
1128
|
|
|
1129 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1130 version 0.4 (June 21, 2001)
|
|
3
|
1131 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1132
|
|
3
|
1133 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1134 bug fixes
|
|
3
|
1135 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1136
|
|
3
|
1137 \begin_deeper
|
|
|
1138 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1139 wm_xia_{e|d}.c variable level uninitialized
|
|
3
|
1140 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1141
|
|
3
|
1142 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1143 wm_zhu_{e|d}.c variable level uninitialized
|
|
3
|
1144 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1145
|
|
3
|
1146 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1147 issue with random() vs.
|
|
|
1148 rand() and RAND_MAX in frid2_common.c
|
|
3
|
1149 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1150
|
|
3
|
1151 \end_deeper
|
|
|
1152 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1153 added option to bruyn algorithm to disable block skipping
|
|
3
|
1154 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1155
|
|
3
|
1156 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1157 added algorithm kim
|
|
3
|
1158 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1159
|
|
3
|
1160 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1161 version 0.3 (June 18, 2001)
|
|
3
|
1162 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1163
|
|
3
|
1164 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1165 created a nice (?) manual/documentation
|
|
3
|
1166 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1167
|
|
3
|
1168 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1169 added algorithms by Dugad, Wang, Zhu, Fridrich
|
|
3
|
1170 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1171
|
|
3
|
1172 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1173 added Makefiles for Win32 platform (mingw32)
|
|
3
|
1174 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1175
|
|
3
|
1176 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1177 version 0.2 (February 22, 2001)
|
|
3
|
1178 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1179
|
|
3
|
1180 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1181 added contribution by Vassilis Fotopoulos (Piva's algorithm,
|
|
3
|
1182 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1183
|
|
3
|
1184 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1185 DCT, Hartley and subband domain) - see Fotopoulos/ subdirectory
|
|
3
|
1186 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1187
|
|
3
|
1188 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1189 stuff moved to Meerwald/ subdirectory
|
|
3
|
1190 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1191
|
|
3
|
1192 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1193 added Bruyndonckx, Corvi, Koch, Xia, Xie algorithms
|
|
3
|
1194 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1195
|
|
3
|
1196 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1197 version 0.1 (February 18, 2001)
|
|
3
|
1198 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1199
|
|
3
|
1200 \begin_layout Itemize
|
|
0
|
1201 initial release
|
|
3
|
1202 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1203
|
|
3
|
1204 \begin_layout Section
|
|
0
|
1205 Legal statement
|
|
3
|
1206 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1207
|
|
3
|
1208 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
0
|
1209 My license is called "I-don't-care" license: (1) You can do with the accompanyin
|
|
|
1210 g software whatever you want, but don't blame me if it doesn't work or it
|
|
|
1211 causes damage.
|
|
|
1212 (2) If you think my work is useful, tell me and tell others, but you are
|
|
|
1213 not obliged to do so.
|
|
|
1214 I suggest not to remove information contained in this other documentation
|
|
|
1215 file.
|
|
3
|
1216 \end_layout
|
|
|
1217
|
|
|
1218 \begin_layout Standard
|
|
|
1219 \begin_inset LatexCommand bibtex
|
|
|
1220 options "plain"
|
|
|
1221 bibfiles "watermarking"
|
|
|
1222
|
|
|
1223 \end_inset
|
|
0
|
1224
|
|
|
1225
|
|
3
|
1226 \end_layout
|
|
0
|
1227
|
|
3
|
1228 \end_body
|
|
|
1229 \end_document
|
